Awhile back I wrote #7 Simplify … One Film and One Developer! Well, guess what …the same goes for your paper and developer! That’s right. Maybe I’ll take some heat on this but stay with me here.

Yes, I know different papers and developer combinations can yield different looks that some may prefer for say a snowy scene vs. a portrait. Fine, I get it. But I think this leads to more choices, more time and a lot more money spent on ever more expensive paper.

As with film, I think it’s best to focus on just one paper and developer combination. For me it is Fomabrom Variant III with Photographer’s Formulary Liquidol. I’ve been using this combination for some time and have been very happy with the results. Ever since I couldn’t get Forte’s excellent VC paper anymore and I finished my last bag of Zone VI print developer. Note: Liquidol is claimed to be a liquid-based replacement for the Zone VI powder- based developer.

Is it the perfect combination? I’ll give you the same answer I gave for Tri-X and HC-110 … Heck if I know! What I do know is that Bruce Barnbaum recommended the paper and the developer seems to give me the same results of my old friend Zone VI in an easier to mix version.  That’s enough for me. The proof of course is in the results and I really like what I see. However, if you try this combination your mileage may vary as they like to say.

Look, pick whatever paper/developer combination you like and learn how to use it.  Oh, and it goes without saying, just make sure to choose a good quality fiber paper. DO NOT USE RC!!! Let me repeat that for the uninitiated. DO NOT USE RC!!! Just like film, it takes some time to really learn about a paper and how it behaves with a particular developer … another reason in my opinion to use just one combination.

Can you get better results using different papers with different developers for different negatives instead of simplifying like I’ve done. Maybe, probably, perhaps.

As with sorting out what camera for what purpose and settling on one film and one developer, doing the same with one paper and one developer simplifies my life … one less thing to worry about … and this helps me to focus on what’s really important … making meaningful pictures with prints that look the way I like, with the quality I want.

Try it and see how it works for you!

Stay well,

Michael

I hope everyone had a wonderful Thanksgiving with those that are most important in your lives … your family and friends. Mine was great and as usual my wife outdid herself. Although I’m a vegetarian I more than made up for things, especially with the four pies we had for dessert!

I really do have a lot to be thankful for. My family foremost, and a life lived on my own terms, doing the things I felt were important and made me happy. My work enabled me to travel all over the world, but I was always grateful to be back. It was great to be an American. I felt lucky.

This year it’s a little different, isn’t it … a year in which our freedoms and much of what America has stood for are being challenged on a daily basis.

So what am I be thankful for right now?

Here are just a few things.

First, that I’m not a woman who has had a man point his finger at my face while telling me to be “quiet, piggy”.

Or that I’m not a Ukrainian child, cold and afraid, huddled in a damp basement while the so-called leader of the free world tries to sell my freedom out with a 28 point plan written by the Russians with some help by his “special envoy”/real estate buddy Steve Witcoff and son-in-law Jared Kushner.

Or that I’m not someone who has had his or her door knocked down, been pepper sprayed, been taken away while my family members screamed in terror or have been unlawfully detained in a third world-like detention center because my language is Spanish and/or my skin color isn’t white.

Here is another thing I’m thankful for. For the courage of six democratic lawmakers, all former veterans or members of intelligence community who spoke out in a video to make sure current members of the military and intelligence community know “Our laws are clear: You can refuse illegal orders; you must refuse illegal orders. No one has to carry out orders that violate the law or our Constitution. We know this is hard and that it’s a difficult time to be a public servant. But whether you’re serving in the CIA, the Army, our Navy, the Air Force, your vigilance is critical.” They went on to say “Know that we have your back, because now, more than ever, the American people need you. We need you to stand up for our laws, our Constitution, and who we are as Americans.”  These brave Americans are continuing to stand tall and are not backing down even after the dear leader called for their arrest and execution and others in the regime look for other ways to try to intimidate them.

I’m also thankful I can still write this and not land in jail, or worse for “seditious” behavior.

Look, I know America is far from perfect. It never was and never will be. But it is worth fighting for our democracy and all that is good about America. So, finally, I’m thankful that more and more Americans are waking up to the clear and present danger we all face and are making their stand in both big and small ways.

Remember, 2026 is around the corner and with continuing vigilance we will vote out enough of the collaborators in November so that next Thanksgiving all of us will have even more to be thankful for!

As the “seditious six” said in closing their video, “Don’t give up the ship”!

Oh, and by the way, keep making photographs.

Stay well,

Michael

Another reprise of a previous entry, but so well stated I wouldn’t change a word!

When Zone VI was in business they sold something called a Print Recipe Form. The 1995/1996 Zone VI catalogue I have lists a pad of 50 for $5.75.  I used these for years until they were no longer made, then I modified one and made copies for myself.

Along with my Zone VI compensating enlarging and development, these pieces of paper are one of my most helpful darkroom tools.  Why?  First, they assist you in methodically producing a fine print by forcing you to write down each step taken to get to the final result. Second, they allow you to memorialize those steps as well as other critical information, such as print size, brand of paper and grade (in the case of VC you could list filter grades, VC or color head settings, etc. – I use VC paper now, but as a longtime user of graded paper I list the “grade” I used, determined by matching information provided by the paper manufacturer with settings on my color head, enlarger height, lens aperture used, developer and time, dry-down percentage for the particular paper used, when the print was made, and what Fred Picker called the “goldilocks” factor.  UPDATE NOTE 11/24/25: I now use Ilford filters in my Leitz Focomat enlargers that are speed matched from for grade 00 to 3½, meaning the exposure time remains the same. For grades 4 through 5 the exposure time simply doubles.

You probably haven’t heard of the all-important top secret “goldilocks” factor have you. This is critical and it might change your life, so read on carefully.  Once you have done all your various manipulations (e.g., dodging and burning) you may still think there is something a little bit off that adding or subtracting a tiny amount of overall print exposure could fix.  For example, subtracting a tiny percentage of exposure may provide that necessary little bit of sunshine to the print that somehow was lost in the process.  And that’s all there is to it – another great tool in your bag of tricks!

I begin by making two test prints, usually using grade 2 and 3 equivalents. That is noted along with general exposure times next to the #1 rectangle (the chosen aperture is listed in the information section at the top of the form). The rectangles serve as your print “map”.  Next to rectangle #2 I list the grade I have settled on along with its exposure time. I can and often fine tune contrast later as needed. Starting with rectangle #3 and on I record the various manipulations I make.  For burning I draw several slanted lines in parallel to show the location of where I have done that in the print.  For dodging I draw several small circles to show the location of where I have done that.  If I decide to raise or lower contrast, that is recorded next to the associated numbered box.  Finally, I list the dilution of selenium toner I used and the amount of time the print soaked in that solution.

Now, since I have used my Zone VI Temperature Compensating Development Timer I smile and know that as long as I use the same paper and developer, all I have to do the next time I wish to make another print from this negative is follow the steps on my recipe and I will have an exact duplicate!

Each individual print recipe from a given negative is filed with the associated proof sheet related to the roll of negatives it came from.  The proof sheet is numbered and matches the number on the clear archival Mylar page that holds those negatives. It’s a good system that makes it easy to quickly find things, and most importantly, it works for me.

My guess is that you can find the original Zone VI forms on eBay from time to time.  Otherwise just go ahead and make your own based on what I use or whatever fits your requirements.  As when cooking important dishes, do keep a recipe. You will be happy you did. Trust me!

Stay well,

Michael

“Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited.” … Albert Einstein, printed on signage located inside Penn Station, New York. Noticed while sitting in the station.

Damn! I’ve thought about this but never articulated it. That’s why Einstein was … well, Einstein … and I am … well, me.

Think about just how profound this simple little statement is! This one is a real beaut as  my doctor from Alabama would say. Yet another wonderful takeaway from my Coney Island outing last week. But to catch something like this you have to really keep your mind’s eye open for the many little and sometimes not so little tidbits out there. And then if need be, write them done or memorialize them in some other way. That way you won’t ever forget them when you need them.

Turns out that what Einstein said makes so much sense in life and in art! In the case of our photography, it doesn’t matter how much technical knowledge and skill you or I have to make the perfect print … it’s not worth a damn if it’s an emotional snoozer!

So what does it take to make a wonderful image?  I believe it’s a combination of being in the right place at the right time, some good luck … and yes … some real imagination!

Stay well,

Michael

Ever since my doctor talked me into skipping this year’s Coney Island Mermaid Parade in July … he told me I WOULD end up in the emergency room there if I went … I’ve been wanting to go back there again. Yah, the mermaids weren’t going to be hanging out, but I felt bad about not being there. So for something different I decided to wait until the fall when the amusement rides and other stuff would be shut down and the crowds would be gone. Just the boardwalk, the almost empty beach, the empty rides and Surf Avenue.

You never know how and an outing like this will work out. I was trying to find the right day this past week that would fit into my work schedule, and not be raining, cold or windy. Saturday looked to be right. Sixty five and sunny. The alarm was set for 5:30, but of course it never went off because my mental alarm went off before 5. I’m not sure why I set alarms anymore because I always wake up before they go off, no matter what time it is #@$%^&*(!

No matter, I was out the door by 6 and got to the Hamilton, New Jersey train station in time to park and catch the 7:04 to Penn Station. From there I walked a couple of blocks to 34^th Street and hopped on the subway to Coney Island.

The Coney Island stop is the last one the Q train makes, so it takes a while to get there. I had plenty of time to think about what was coming up, or just daydream, but instead a gentleman with an interesting Spanish accident and not the greatest English asked me if I he was on the right train. It took several times, but I finally figured it out he wanted to go to Brighton Beach and thankfully he was heading in the right direction. Funny, because when I’m in New York, I’m the one always asking if I’m on the right train!

I had a wonderful time walking around Coney Island and made a few good pictures. The weather was gorgeous and it was wonderful to sit on one of the many boardwalk benches for a while just to stare at the ocean.

But what I enjoyed just as much Coney Island was the enjoyable conversation I had with the painter and retired professor of art from Bogata, Colombia. He was on his way to visit his son, so we shared some images on our phones, and talked about our children until we reached his stop. The time passed quickly and before I knew it we shook hands and said goodbye. I look forward to hearing from him when he returns home.

Yes, photography is really about the journey … at least it is for me. If I get to make some meaningful pictures along the way, all the better.

Stay well,

Michael

Simply put, my Zone VI Compensating Development Print Timer may be the second most important item in my darkroom after my enlargers! For me it’s absolutely essential and incredibly useful! To find out why read on another entry I wrote a while ago and slightly edited to bring it up to date. Trust me on this one … it will be worth it!

The standard temperature for most film and paper developers is 68 degrees Fahrenheit.  Of course you can use slightly higher or lower temperatures and adjust development time accordingly.  However, it is often difficult to control developer temperature, if only because of the time of year you happen to be in your darkroom!

I know a lot of people don’t think this is a very big deal, but I do. I want the mechanical processes I do in the darkroom to be consistent and fully repeatable and not something I have to think much about.  Why create variables to worry about when you don’t have to?  Trust me, repeatability and consistency is what really we want for non-creative darkroom tasks!

So let’s say you’re developing duplicate of the print you made last fall using your standard development time of 2 minutes. It’s summertime and the outside temperature is in the upper Eighties.  The temperature in your darkroom is around 73 degrees and you can’t get the temperature of the water used to dilute your developer stock solution much below that (Note: Maybe some of you are lucky to have your darkroom located on a main floor of your house, but most people I know have them in their basement, or even attic, where temperatures are not well controlled). Ok, you can adjust your time for the new developer temperature or you can throw some ice cubes in the water used to mix the solution. No problem … right?  Well, maybe not, because putting your hands in the tray to agitate your print(s) causes the temperature to rise. Furthermore, your developer temperature will start to climb based on the room temperature.

Now it’s winter and the outside temperature is 28 degrees.  The temperature in your darkroom is in the low Sixties at best. No problem getting the water to 68 degrees, but soon the temperature of your solution is going to start to drop even with the heat coming from you hands.  I have measured temperatures of my print developer as low as the Fifties!

If you kept a print recipe and followed it (something to be discussed in an upcoming entry), it’s no wonder that the original print you made in the fall looks different … and better … then the ones made in the summer or winter if produced under the conditions described above. Why?  Because you have no clue what your temperature really is at different times during your standard 2 minutes of development.   No problem, you say … just go ahead and do a new test strip whenever you make a print. Well, go ahead and knock yourself out.  Or maybe you never make another print of something you have done previously.  I guess I don’t know how to respond to that one.

Wouldn’t it be much nicer if the print you made in the summer or winter looked exactly like the one you originally made in the fall?  Ah … yes!

OK, now let’s talk about film. Same deal as developing your prints. Whether you are developing sheet film in trays or roll film in tanks with manual agitation, or even when using Jobo processors with temperature control units, it can be difficult to establish and maintain temperature control.

What to do?  For over 30 years I have used the Zone VI Compensating Development Timer and in my humble opinion it is the most brilliant darkroom tool ever created! Why? Simple … it’s digital timer with a sensor attachment that is placed in your print (or sheet film) developer tray, or in a water bath of the same temperature as the developer in your film development tank.  The sensor continuously transmits the “real” temperature of the liquid to the timer, which continuously compensates each second of counted time.  The timer also has a foot switch that makes life even easier.  So let’s say your standard development time for prints is 2 minutes at 68 degrees, and for film it’s 5.5 minutes.  First you select the “Paper” setting on the front of the timer (there are two other settings for “Film” and “Real Time”). Now you place your sheet of paper in the developer tray and step on the foot switch to start the timer.  But the “real” developer temperature is only 63 degrees … not 68.  Guess what happens!  The duration of time for each second counted off (both visually and audibly) actually becomes longer to compensate for the colder solution!!!  If the developer happens to be 78 degrees, the duration of time for each second counted off is shorter than normal.

The digital readout on the timer shows 2 minutes of compensated time regardless of how much actual time has elapsed. It could be 1 minute and 55 seconds, or 2 minutes and 10 seconds depending on the temperature of the solution.  IT DOESN’T MATTER!  I smugly remove the print when the timer says 2 minutes of temperature compensated time has elapsed. Simply brilliant!!!

Unfortunately these wonderful devices are no longer manufactured. However, they are available occasionally on eBay, but can be somewhat expensive.  I recently saw one for a good price and purchased it as a backup just in case mine were to die someday.  Honestly, I could not live without one of these marvelous devices.   So what if you can’t find one on eBay, Craigslist, or the photo forums?  No worries.  A software-based solution that comes with a temperature probe is available. It is called CompnTemp. RH Designs manufactures a compensating timer called the Process Master II, and DLG Electronics makes a modern version of the Zone VI timer! And for a film-only development solution, CatLABS makes a compensating timer designed to be fitted to any developing tank cap!

I can only speak for the Zone VI timer, which is an utterly simple … and in my experience … bulletproof device that does what it is designed to do with perfection. You can be patient and one will turn up, or look into the other neat options.

In any case, make this investment and lower your darkroom frustration level forever!!

Stay well,

Michael

I’m not trying to be lazy, but again here’s some really great stuff I wrote a while ago and slightly edited!

I hope most of you make proof sheets, but for those that don’t, it’s time to hop on the bandwagon! First of all, the most important reason to make proof sheets is to catalog your negatives and know what you actually have. Duh!  If you don’t have proof sheets you are setting yourself up for a lot of wasted time. Forget about making printing decisions based on viewing your negatives on a light table, or worse by holding them up to the light.  Of course that is if you can find what you’re looking for!  And if your negatives are properly developed they’re all going to look good.  So what you need is more information!

I have a simple filing system that works for me, and you might find it works for you. I have all my negatives contained in clear archival Print File Negative Preserver Pages that are stored in three ring archival closed box binders to keep any dust out.  Separate binders for each film size.  Each page is numbered and has the same numeral as its matching proof sheet contained in a separate but corresponding loose-leaf binder. With each proof sheet are print recipes and other notes for each image printed from the particular roll of film or set of large format negatives. Now that is simple and sure makes things easier to find!

Wanna turbocharge your filing system to locate that elusive negative? Make a Microsoft Word table or if you have more computer skills than me create a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. For each negative size (e.g., 35mm, 120, 4×5, etc.) that you have books for, create a simple table consisting of three columns – (1) Roll/sheet page number; Proof Sheet Title; and Year Made. You can decide how you wish to sort the columns – by year, alphabetically, etc. It’s up to you!  Then you add the information taken from your numbered and titled proof sheet pages.  Ok it’s a little bit of typing but once finished you will have a completely searchable database (using the “find” function) and you will always be able to locate that one negative you can’t seem to find!

What else is the proof sheet good for? Well several things. After knowing what you have, the next important thing to determine is what you actually want to print!  By carefully studying my proof sheet, I first decide if it contains anything worth printing.  If I think it does I take my marking pen and draw a rectangle around the image(s).  That’s a time saver too because I usually print images sometime after the proof sheets have been made. Why have to go back and do the same thing all over again?  Another thing the proof sheet tells you is whether your negative exposure/development was good or not. Depending on how bad things look, you may not want to try to print that negative (truth be told … I have made many successful prints where the proof indicted exposure issues … thank you Tri-X!).

Finally, as mentioned above, there is the matter of cropping and image size consideration.  Looking at the proof sheet really helps me here and saves me a lot of time later when I’m in the darkroom.  I think the worst thing you can do is try to make cropping decisions based on what you see projected onto your easel. Less so with image size decisions, but the proof sheet does help me to get a good idea of what I want to do here.  So in addition drawing a rectangle around any pictures I want to print, I mark any cropping to be done.  Now when it is time to print I know exactly what I am going to do and get right down to the task of making a successful image!

The above having been said, the best proof is a “proper proof”.  This is a concept developed by Fred Picker and I think it makes great sense. Making a “proper proof” sheet is the quick and easy way tell you whether your exposure and/or development are on target. Fred formalized the proper proof concept and described it in an easily understood and useable manner. He states the rationale for making a proper proof and how to do it so well that I would be foolish not to quote him verbatim.  The following can be found in the Zone VI Workshop on pages 38-39:

“A properly made proof sheet is an invaluable printing aid as it contains all the information about the negative with respect to exposure, contrast, and composition. I never attempt to print a negative until I have made a proper proof. In addition to filing and selection information, a rigid proofing procedure can be a constant check on meters and camera shutters and any manufacturing changes affecting film speed or contrast characteristics.

Test for Proper Proof Exposure

 Put any negative in the enlarger, set up for about an 11×14 print and focus. Mark the enlarger column with tape or magic marker and a corresponding spot on the movable head so that you can find this exact elevation in the future. Remove the negative and replace the empty negative carrier. Position the proofer (contact printing frame) in the center of the light cast on the countertop or easel.  Stop down the lens to f/8. Turn the enlarger off and set the timer for three seconds. Lights out except safe lights. Place a sheet of your normal enlarging (not contact) paper face (shiny) side up on the open proofer. Use your regular enlarging paper #2 grade or if variable contrast paper – not filter. Now lay the strip of (but developed and fixed) film dull side (emulsion side) down on the paper. Use the blank film from the development time test. Marks Note: This is from the development time test Picker discusses elsewhere in his book and I address in my Step 1.

 Close the glass over all and give a 3 second exposure.  Cover the right hand end of the film (about an inch) by laying a cardboard on the glass and give another 3 second exposure. Continue moving the card one inch to the left between exposures until you reach the end of the film.

Remove the paper and agitate it constantly for 2 minutes in your print developer (I like Dektol diluted 1:2 as directed). Agitate in stop bath (1-1/2 oz. of 28% acetic acid per quart – a 50% stronger solution than for film) for 20 or 30 seconds and turn on the room lights. You will see gradations from light gray to jet black in one inch stripes across the film. Locate the stripe that is the first one to match the next one in blackness.  As in the film development test, we want the minimum exposure that will produce the maximum black through the clear film. Identify the first completely black stripe – not the very dark gray one next to it. This will vary with the brand of paper, enlarger, illumination, lens opening, etc.  If the time is under 9 seconds, retest, closing one stop to refine the result.  If over 24 seconds, open one stop and retest. Fix, wash, and dry and then located the first maximum black stripe.

Write down all the information on the chart in this book. In my case I have a notebook of information that this is contained in.

Other films or other sizes of the same film will require different proofing times due to varying base densities. Test them all. Write them down on separate charts.

This is now a standard for this film and all future proofs are made exactly the same.

To make an actual proof, substitute negatives for the clear film used for the test and give the negatives the exposure you have written on the chart.

The proper proof will tell you all about your negatives. I know a professional whose proof all show the film edge as gray.  He has been underexposing his negatives – for years.”

******

So there you have it. Some very good reasons to make … and use proper proof sheets and how to file them!  The more you standardize and simplify the better off you are. Save the creative juices for what counts! If you’re not doing both of these things then you need to get crackin!  Trust me on this!

Stay well,

Michael